China’s Energy Diplomacy to Coal Imports from Indonesia After Restricting Coal Import from Australia in 2019
Abstract
Abstract. This study aims to analyze China's energy diplomacy regarding coal imports from Indonesia after restricting coal imports from Australia in 2019. After China limits coal imports from Australia in 2019, the supply of Chinese coal imports will decrease. This makes China need to increase its coal imports from other countries, one of which is Indonesia. Indonesia is one of the largest coal-exporting countries in the world. This can be used by China to meet its coal import needs. The author uses three indicators of Wang & Xu's energy diplomacy, namely dialogue between countries related to energy, government involvement in energy partnerships, and public energy diplomacy activities. The author uses qualitative research methods and internet-based research as data collection techniques. The findings in this study are: First, the dialogue between China and Indonesia, namely the meeting on 10 April 2019, the cooperation agreement on 24 May 2019 and 25 November 2020. Second, the Chinese government was involved in carrying out a cooperation agreement with Indonesia. Third, two Chinese non-state actors, namely CNCA and CCTDA.
Downloads
References
APBI. (2019). Pertemuan delegasi RI dengan China National Coal Association, 10 April 2019. APBI-ICMA. http://www.apbi-icma.org/news/1409/pertemuan-delegasi-ri-dengan-china-national-coal-association-10-april-2019
APBI. (2020). Press release-APBI "RI & Tiongkok perkuat kerja sama investasi & perdagangan batubara". APBI-ICMA. http://www.apbi-icma.org/news/4087/press-release-apbi-ri-tiongkok-perkuat-kerjasama-investasi-perdagangan-batubara
Asmarini, W. (2022). Perhatian! China pangkas tarif impor batu para jadi 0 per Mei. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20220428164951-4-335839/perhatian-china-pangkas-tarif-impor-batu-bara-jadi-0-per-mei
BBC. (2018). Huawei and ZTE handed 5G network ban in Australia. BBCNEWS. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45281495
Bertrand, S. L. (2010). The contemporary concept of energy security. In The geopolitics of energy in South Asia. Defence R&D Canada. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003110057-2
Bovan, A., et al. (2020). Negotiating energy diplomacy and its relationship with foreign policy and national security. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(2), 1–6.
BP. (2021). Statistical review of world energy 2021. BP. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf
CCTDA. (2022). Introduction to China coal transport and marketing association. China Coal Transportation and Distribution Association. http://www.cctda.org.cn/index.php?m=content&c=
index&a=show&catid=24&id=932
Chang, S., et al (2016). Clean coal technologies in China: Current status and future perspectives. Engineering, 2(4), 447–459.
CNCA. (2022). China coal low carbon development. China National Coal Association. https://www.jcoal.or.jp/news/upload/S1-5_CNCA.pdf
Dry Bulk Market. (2022). China’s coal imports disappointing so far in 2022. Hellenic Shipping News. https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/chinas-coal-imports-disappointing-so-far-in-2022/
Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia. (2019). Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson made remarks on China coal imports and Cyber-security issues. Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia. http://au.china-embassy.gov.cn/engsghdxwfb_1/201902/t20190222_744530.htm
Fania, & Ardiyanti, D. (2019). Dampak kebijakan reformasi ekonomi Tiongkok era Xi Jinping terhadap perekonomian global di tahun 2014–2019. Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Kependidikan, 2(1), 101–108.
Gosens, J., et al. (2021). An installation-level model of China’s coal sector shows how its decarbonization and energy security plans will reduce overseas coal imports. http://arxiv.org/abs/2112.06357
Green, F. (2020). Xi Jinping’s pledge: Will China be carbon neutral by 2060?. EASTASIAFORUM. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/10/26/xi-jinpings-pledge-will-china-be-carbon-neutral-by-2060/
IEA. (2018). Market report series: Coal 2018. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/
reports/coal-2018
IEA. (2019). Coal 2019. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-2019
IEA. (2020). Coal 2020. International Energy Agency. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/
assets/00abf3d2-4599-4353-977c-8f80e9085420/Coal_2020.pdf
IEA. (2021). Coal 2021. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/
coal%0Awww.iea.org/t&c/
IEA. (2022). Coal 2022. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/coal-2022
Kassam, N. (2020). Great expectations: The unraveling of the Australia-China relationship. BROOKINGS. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/great-expectations-the-unraveling-of-the-australia-china-relationship/
Kementerian ESDM. (2020). Handbook of energy & economy statistics of Indonesia 2020. Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral.
Kementerian ESDM. (2022). Capaian kinerja sektor ESDM tahun 2021 dan rencana tahun 2022. Kementerian ESDM. https://www.esdm.go.id/assets/media/content/content-capaian-kinerja-sektor-esdm-tahun-2021-dan-rencana-tahun-2022.pdf
Kemlu. (2019). Strategi Indonesia jaga ekspor batubara ke Negeri Panda. Kemlu. https://kemlu.go.id/beijing/id/news/1184/strategi-indonesia-jaga-ekspor-batubara-ke-negeri-panda
Lee, C. (2019). China’s energy diplomacy: Does Chinese foreign policy favor oil-producing countries? Foreign Policy Analysis. 1-19.
Liang, L., et al (2023). Peace engineering in practice: China’s energy diplomacy strategy and its global implications. 1–17.
Liao, X. (2021). China’s energy diplomacy towards Central Asia and the implications on its “belt and road initiative.” Pacific Review, 34(3), 490–522.
Laurenceson, J., et al. (2020). PRC economic coercion: the recent Australian experience. Australia-China Relations Institute. https://www.australiachinarelations.org/content/prc-economic-coercion-recent-australian-experience
Munatama, A. & Zhaidah, K. (2023). Analisis kerjasama bilateral sosial politik China dan Indonesia dalam masa kepemimpinan Joko Widodo 2014–2020. Jurnal Artefak, 10(1), 77–88.
Pratiwi, I. (2019). Indonesia dan China kerja sama investasi batu bara. Republika. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/przwa1383/indonesia-dan-china-kerja-sama-investasi-batu-bara
Pribadi, A. (2021). Cadangan batubara masih 38,84 miliar ton, teknologi bersih pengelolaannya terus didorong. Kementerian Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/cadangan-batubara-masih-3884-miliar-ton-teknologi-bersih-pengelolaannya-terus-didorong
Priyandita, G. (2019). From rivals to partners: Constructing the Sino-Indonesian strategic partnership. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 21(1), 1–26.
Qinhua, X. U. (2007). China’s energy diplomacy and its implications for global energy security. FES Briefing, 1–8.
Reuters. (2019). China’s Dalian port bans Australian coal imports, sets 2019 quota. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-australia-coal-idINL3N20G308
Sinaga, L. C. (2013). Hubungan Indonesia-Cina dalam dinamika politik, pertahanan-keamanan dan ekonomi di Asia Tenggara. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia.
Statista. (2022). Export volume of coal to China from Indonesia from 2012 to 2021. Statista Research Department. https://www.statista.com/statistics/991432/indonesia-export-volume-of-coal-to-china/
Sukma, R. (2009). Indonesia-China relations: The politics of re-engagement. Asian Survey, 49(4), 591–608.
Wang, H., & Xu, Q. (2022). An introduction to energy diplomacy: China’s Perspective. Social Science Academic Press.
Zhang, X., et al (2017). The future of coal in China. Energy Policy, 110, 6.
